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Russula densifolia
''Russula densifolia'', commonly known as the crowded russula or the reddening russula, is a species of agaric fungus in the family Russulaceae. It was first described in 1833 and given its current name in 1876. A widespread species, it is found in Asia, Europe, and North America, where it fruits on the ground in mixed and deciduous forests. Fruit bodies (mushrooms) are robust and squat, with caps up to in diameter, and stems that are long by thick. The mushrooms are characterized by the red and then black color changes that occur in the flesh when it is bruised, and a relatively thick cap cuticle. Although the mushroom is sold as an edible species in some areas of Asia, it is mild to moderately toxic, and may cause gastrointestinal upset if consumed. Several bioactive compounds have been isolated and identified from the mushroom.
==Taxonomy==
The species was first described by Louis Secretan in 1833 as ''Agaricus adustus'' var. ''densifolius''. In 1876, Claude-Casimir Gillet transferred it to the genus ''Russula''.〔 ''Russula densifolia'' is classified in the section ''Nigricantes'' of ''Russula'' subgenus ''Compactae'', which consists of species with robust, squat fruit bodies that discolor to brown or black.〔〔
Robert Shaffer defined four forms of ''R. densifolia'' in a 1962 monograph on section ''Compactae'', differentiating them by spore print color, fruiting pattern, odor, gill spacing, and the intensity of the color change with bruising. Three forms are from the Pacific Northwest region of North America: form ''dilatoria'' has fruit bodies that darken to lavender gray to brownish gray; form ''fragrans'' has a fragrant odor and widely spaced gills; form ''cremeispora'' produces a light yellow spore print and has an obscurely two-layered cap cuticle. Form ''gregata'', found in the eastern United States, grows gregariously in jack pine and Scotch pine forests.〔 The nomenclatural database Index Fungorum lumps these forms, as well as f. ''subrubescen'', published by Patrick Reumaux in 1996, together into synonymy. Other synonyms include Rolf Singer's 1931 variety ''caucasica'', Roger Heim's 1938 variety ''latericola'', and C. Dagron's 1999 variety ''colettarum''.〔
The specific epithet ''densifolius'' derives from the Latin words ''densi'' (meaning "compact" or "placed close together") and ''folius'' meaning "leaf", and refers to the closely spaced gills. The mushroom is commonly known as the "dense-gilled brittlegill"〔 or the "reddening russula".〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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